Organizational Viewpoint of the Relationships in Supply Chains

A supply chain is a strand, or chain, of operations that passes through an organization's supply network. Many different terms (and the concepts described by them - e.g., purchasing and supply management, physical distribution management, logistics, merchandising, material management, and SCM), some of which overlap are used to describes various parts of the SC. They represent an increasing degree of integration among the SC linkages.

SCM is a broader and strategically more significant concept that includes the entire SC, from the supply of raw materials through manufacture, assembly, and distribution, to the end customer. It includes the strategic and long-term consideration of SCM issues as well as the shorter term control of flow throughout the SC.

The exact nature of the relationship among the different linkages within the SC can be viewed on a continuum that goes from highly integrated at one extreme to temporary and short-term trading commitments at the other. The organization tries to define the totality of working tasks, their mutual relationships, connections and synergies, as well as mechanisms for the suitable connection and coordination of organizational factors.

For the formation of the working structure, the organization is able to use different starting points. Modern conditions of work demand that organizations include into the structure plans the characteristics of the informational process needed for the realization of organizational aims. The organization can use the traditional or modern plan for the formation of the structure. The traditional access to the formation of the structure is based on considering vertical informational connections. But for most organizations, the vertical connections are not enough, so they fulfill them with horizontal connections.

For the formation of the organizational structure, the organization can use functional grouping, divisional grouping, grouping with more viewpoints, and horizontal grouping. Different structures in the frame of functional, divisional, and horizontal structures define different levels of coordination and integration of an organization.

In the frame of functional and divisional structures, the management is able to create total business support by forming whole vertical and horizontal connections. In such a way, the efficiency of present vertical connections will increase and the integration of the organizational work will improve. In horizontal structures, the activities are organized horizontally around the basic (or key) working process. Most organizations form specific hybrid structures, which include characteristics of two or more structure types, on these starting points.

Source Dr. Vojko Potocan, University of Maribor, Slovenia

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

Sistem ERP adalah sebuah terminologi yang secara de facto adalah aplikasi
yang dapat mendukung transaksi atau operasi sehari-hari yang berhubungan
dengan pengelolaan sumber daya sebuah perusahaan, seperti dana, manusia,
mesin, suku cadang, waktu, material dan kapasitas.

Sistem ERP dibagi atas beberapa sub-sistem yaitu sistem Financial, sistem
Distribusi, sistem Manufaktur, sistem Maintenance dan sistem Human Resource.

Untuk mengetahui bagaimana sistem ERP dapat membantu sistem operasi bisnis
kita, mari kita perhatikan suatu kasus kecil seperti di bawah ini:

Katakanlah kita menerima order untuk 100 unit Produk A. Sistem ERP akan
membantu kita menghitung berapa yang dapat diproduksi berdasarkan segala
keterbatasan sumber daya yang ada pada kita saat ini. Apabila sumber daya
tersebut tidak mencukupi, sistem ERP dapat menghitung berapa lagi sumberdaya
yang diperlukan, sekaligus membantu kita dalam proses pengadaannya. Ketika
hendak mendistribusikan hasil produksi, sistem ERP juga dapat menentukan
cara pemuatan dan pengangkutan yang optimal kepada tujuan yang ditentukan
pelanggan. Dalam proses ini, tentunya segala aspek yang berhubungan dengan
keuangan akan tercatat dalam sistem ERP tersebut termasuk menghitung berapa
biaya produksi dari 100 unit tersebut.

Dapat kita lihat bahwa data atau transaksi yang dicatat pada satu
fungsi/bagian sering digunakan oleh fungsi/bagian yang lain. Misalnya daftar
produk bisa dipakai oleh bagian pembelian, bagian perbekalan, bagian
produksi, bagian gudang, bagian pengangkutan, bagian keuangan dan
sebagainya. Oleh karena itu, unsur 'integrasi' itu sangat penting dan
merupakan tantangan besar bagi vendor vendor sistem ERP.

Pada prinsipnya, dengan sistem ERP sebuah industri dapat dijalankan secara
optimal dan dapat mengurangi biaya-biaya operasional yang tidak efisien
seperti biaya inventory (slow moving part, dll.), biaya kerugian akibat
'machine fault' dll. Dinegara-negara maju yang sudah didukung oleh
infrastruktur yang memadaipun, mereka sudah dapat menerapkan konsep JIT
(Just-In-Time). Di sini, segala sumberdaya untuk produksi benar-benar
disediakan hanya pada saat diperlukan (fast moving).
Termasuk juga penyedian suku cadang untuk maintenance, jadwal perbaikan
(service) untuk mencegah terjadinya machine fault, inventory, dsb.

Bagi industri yang memerlukan efisiensi dan komputerisasi dari segi
penjualan, maka ada tambahan bagi konsep ERP yang bernama Sales Force
Automation (SFA). Sistem ini merupakan suatu bagian
penting dari suatu rantai pengadaan (Supply Chain) ERP. Pada dasarnya, Sales
yang dilengkapi dengan SFA dapat bekerja lebih efisien karena semua
informasi mengenai suatu pelanggan atau
produk yang dipasarkan ada di databasenya.

Khusus untuk industri yang bersifat assemble-to-order atau make-to-order
seperti industri pesawat, perkapalan, automobil, truk dan industri berat
lainnya, sistem ERP dapat juga dilengkapi dengan Sales Configuration System
(SCS). Dengan SCS, Sales dapat memberikan penawaran serta proposal yang
dilengkapi dengan gambar, spesifikasi, harga berdasarkan keinginan/pesanan
pelanggan. Misalnya saja seorang calon pelanggan menelpon untuk mendapatkan
tawaran sebuah mobil dengan berbagai kombinasi yang mencakup warna biru,
roda racing, mesin V6 dengan spoiler sport dan lain-lain. Dengan SCS, Sales
dapat menberikan harga mobil dengan kombinasi tersebut pada saat itu juga.

Sistem ERP dirancang berdasarkan proses bisnis yang dianggap 'best practice'
proses umum yang paling layak di tiru. Misalnya, bagaimana proses umum
yang sebenarnya berlaku untuk pembelian (purchasing), penyusunan stok di
gudang dan sebagainya.

Untuk mendapatkan manfaat yang sebesar-besarnya dari sistem ERP, maka
industri kita juga haurs mengikuti 'best practice process' (proses umum
terbaik) yang berlaku. Disini banyak timbul masalah dan tantangan bagi
industri kita di Indonesia. Tantangannya misalnya, bagaimana merubah proses
kerja kita menjadi sesuai dengan proses kerja yang dihendaki oleh sistem
ERP, atau, merubah sistem ERP untuk menyesuaikan proses kerja kita.

Proses penyesuaian itu sering disebut sebagai proses Implementasi. Jika
dalam kegiatan implementasi diperlukan perubahan proses kerja yang cukup
mendasar, maka perusahaan ini harus melakukan Business Process Reengineering
(BPR) yang dapat memakan waktu berbulan bulan.

Sebagai kesimpulan, sistem ERP adalah paket software yang sangat dibutuhkan
untuk mengelola sebuah industri secara efisien dan produktif. Secara de
facto, sistem ERP harus menyentuh segala aspek sumber daya perusahaan yaitu
dana, manusia, waktu, material dan kapasitas. Untuk lebih meningkatkan kemapuan
Sistem ERP perlu ditambah modul CRM, SRM, PLM dan juga Project Management.
Karena sistem ERP dirancang dengan suatu proses kerja 'best practice',
maka hal ini merupakan tantangan implementor ERP untuk melakukan implementasi
sistem ERP di suatu perusahaan.

Modul-modul Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems :

1. Item Master Management (IMM)
2. Bill Of Material (BOM)
3. Demand Management (DM)
4. Sales and Order Management (SOM)
5. Master Production Scheduling (MPS)
6. Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
7. Capacity Requirement Planning
8. Inventory Mangement (INV)
9. Shop Floor Control (SFC)
10. Purchasing Management (PUR)
11. General Ledger (GL)
12. Account Payable (AP)
13. Account Receivable (AR)
14. Cost Control (CO)
15. Financial Reporting (FIR)

sumber : http://www.erpweaver.com/

Knowledge creation in a supply chain

Knowledge creation in a supply chain aims to analyze how organizational conditions, technology adoption, supplier relationship management and customer relationship management affect knowledge creation through socialization-externalization combination, internalization (SECI) modes, and various ba, as proposed by Nonaka and Konno, in a supply chain. A qualitative inquiry with thematic analysis, which focuses on a thin film transistor-liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) panel manufacturer and an integrated circuits (IC) packaging and testing manufacturer, is presented in order to identify how these key factors affect knowledge creation in a supply chain environment through the SECI modes and ba. The results show that these critical factors facilitate different types of knowledge conversion process in order to achieve successful knowledge creation in a supply chain. Knowledge of the significant factors that were found in this study may be applicable to countries or areas such as Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore or other developing countries, whose dominant businesses are similar to the original equipment manufacturers)/original design manufacturers in Taiwan. This paper considers the case study only as one empirical illustration of many other possible implementation processes. The study does not assume that these companies are a paradigm or that the specific situation is applicable to all other business enterprises. Future researchers interested in this field are therefore encouraged to triangulate its findings by examining variables generated from this study.

Source : Chuni Wu

Sharing Global Supply Chain Knowledge

There are two categories of supply chain partners: those that buy and those that sell. Depending on which group they identify with, managers have different perspectives on the value of sharing critical knowledge resources with their supply chain partners. Both groups agree that sharing knowledge makes for more efficient supply chains (with lower costs and quicker speeds) and more effective organizations (with higher quality outputs and enhanced customer service). But the benefits of knowledge sharing don't always accrue equally or simultaneously to all participants. What type of information or knowledge should suppliers and buyers share with each other? How does knowledge sharing provide value to buyers and suppliers, and under what circumstances can it help both? How do cross-cultural differences between global buyers and suppliers influence the value of sharing information? To answer these questions, we studied more than 100 cross-national supply chain partnerships in the industrial chemicals, consumer durables, industrial packaging, toy and apparel industries in 19 country locations. We examined how different types of knowledge sharing can benefit buyers or sellers individually. But more importantly, we studied how knowledge sharing can enhance the performance of partnerships and build stronger supply chains in the global marketplace

Source : Matthew B Myers, Mee-Shew Cheung